Tag: bible

Know Who and How to Love

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15th Sunday in Ordinary Time [C]

July 13, 2025

Luke 10:25-37

If we found ourselves in the same situation as the parable Jesus told, who would we become? Would we act like the priest and the Levites—ignoring and avoiding the wounded man altogether? Or would we, like the Samaritan, show mercy and help the one in need? Or would we do something entirely different?

In today’s digital age, equipped with high-tech gadgets, we might even do the unthinkable and unimaginable especially in Jesus’ time. Instead of helping, we might pull out our smartphones to record the scene, take a selfie with the victim, or even livestream the incident! As absurd as it sounds, this is not entirely far-fetched.

We are living two millennia after the Good Samaritan, and modern life has made it even harder to do good and help those in need. Before assisting someone injured on the street, we face countless doubts and uncertainties: Is this person truly hurt, or is it a scam? Could I get in trouble for helping? Do I even have time, with work and other responsibilities? The complexities of modern living often paralyze us, making it difficult to love our neighbors, especially those who need it most. So how should we respond?

1. Love for Others Is Love for God

We need to remember that loving our neighbors must be an expression of our love for God. We are called to love God wholeheartedly in all that we do. This means that working hard to provide for our families is an act of love for God, because God entrusted them to our care. Raising our children in wisdom and faith is an expression of devotion to Him because they are gifts from God. Even taking care of our bodies, through good food and habits, honors God, as our bodies are His blessing to us.

2. Know Your Priorities in Love

We are not superheroes; we can’t help everyone at once. Our first responsibility is to love those God has placed in our care. As parents, our primary duty is to protect, provide for, and educate our children. If we spend more time serving in church while neglecting our family, something is wrong. Only when we’ve fulfilled our primary responsibilities should we extend love and help to others which comes naturally.

3. Learn How to Love Well

After knowing who we need to love, then we need to know how to love them. Parenting, for example, demands total dedication. Why? God designed children to need more than just food, shelter, and clothing—they require emotional presence, role models, and constant guidance. Many mental health struggles in children today stem from absent parents—whether physically or emotionally—who assume money alone can solve everything.

Being a Good Samaritan starts at home. If we cannot love those closest to us, how can we truly love strangers?

Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Guide questions:

How do we love ourselves? How do we love our spouse? How do we love our children? How do we love our vocations? How do we see our priority of love?

Seventy

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14th Sunday in Ordinary Time [C]

July 6, 2025

Luke 10:1-20

The sending of the seventy disciples is a story unique to the Gospel of Luke. This episode reveals an important truth: Jesus’ followers were far more than just the twelve apostles. But why did He choose the number seventy?

There are several possible reasons:

  1. A Reflection of Jesus’ True Following

The twelve apostles were not Jesus’ only disciples. Many others followed and learned from Him. While the Twelve were chosen as leaders of His growing community, they were not the only ones committed to His mission. The number seventy (or seventy-two, in some manuscripts) suggests a much larger group of believers dedicated to Jesus’ cause.

  • Fulfilment of the Old Testament

In the Old Testament, seventy elders were appointed to assist Moses and Aaron in leading the Israelites through the wilderness (Num 11:16-17). These elders ascended Mount Sinai, where they encountered God and even shared a meal in His presence (Exo 24:9-11). Just as Moses and Aaron relied on these leaders to guide Israel to the Promised Land, so also Jesus called and sent out the seventy to lead God’s people toward the true Promised Land, the Kingdom of God.

  • A Symbol of Fullness and Covenant

In Scripture, the number seven represents completeness and God’s covenant. For example:

  • Creation was completed in seven days (Gen 1), symbolizing divine order and perfection.
  • The Hebrew word for “seven” (sheva) is also linked to covenant-making. Thus, in Hebrew, when we say that we make “seven,” it means we make a covenant.

By multiplying seven by ten, the number seventy amplifies this meaning: God’s perfection and covenant are extended to even more people. The seventy disciples were part of God’s plan to bring redemption, order, and more souls into His family.

More Than Just a Number

These seventy were not mere statistics—each was a unique individual with their own story. Though Luke does not record their names or details, Jesus assures them (and us) that their sacrifices were known. He recognized their willingness to be sent and to go to different places, facing unknown variables. Some might fail to find a shelter, other might go hungry, while some were even rejected and mocked. Many also had to face the deadly encounter with demons which were far more powerful than their human strength. The Gospel is silent about these details, but Jesus knew them too well, and thus, even if the Gospel omits their stories, they are forever written in the Book of Life.

Like the seventy, we may feel unseen—just another face in the crowd, a mere number of statistics, our deeds too small for history books. But this Gospel reminds us: Jesus knows and loves each of us personally. Every act of love, no matter how small, is precious to Him and recorded in eternity.

Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Guide questions:

What can we do to help build God’s Kingdom—no matter how small our actions may seem? Are we willing to be sent? Do we compare ourselves to others? Do we truly believe we are loved?

Peter and Paul

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Solemnity of St. Peter and St. Paul [C]

June 29, 2025

Matthew 16:13-19

Why does the Church celebrate St. Peter and St. Paul together?  Several key factors bind their legacies together, making them uniquely honored in Christian tradition.

1. Prominence in the New Testament

Both Peter and Paul stand out as the most frequently mentioned figures in the New Testament. Peter (including variations like Simon, Cephas, or Simon Peter) appears approximately 190 times, while Paul is referenced even more, around 228 times—far surpassing other major figures like John the Baptist (mentioned roughly 90 times). Interestingly, though Luke’s work is titled The Acts of the Apostles, the narrative is dominated by these two men. Beyond their recorded deeds, both also contributed inspired writings to the New Testament: Peter authored two epistles (1 and 2 Peter), while Paul wrote 13 letters, forming a significant portion of the biblical canon.

2. Intertwined Lives and Ministry

Their paths crossed at critical moments in early Church history. After his dramatic conversion, Paul visited Jerusalem and spent 15 days with Peter (Galatians 1:18), likely learning firsthand about Jesus’ teachings from the chief apostle. Later, at the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15), Paul and Barnabas argued against the imposition of the Jewish customs like circumcision on the Gentile converts. Peter, as the leader of the apostles, ultimately decided that the Gentile converts shall not be burdened by Jewish customs, thus sided with Paul. Yet their relationship wasn’t without tension. Paul later publicly criticized Peter when he withdrew from eating with Gentile Christians (Gal 2:11-14). Despite these conflicts, their mutual respect endured.

3. Shared Martyrdom in Rome

Though Scripture records only a few direct encounters, tradition holds that their ministries converged powerfully in Rome. The Acts of Apostles concludes with Paul arriving in the city around 60–61 AD as a prisoner, awaiting trial before Caesar. Even under house arrest, he preached boldly and likely wrote letters like Ephesians and Philippians. After a possible release (around 63 AD), he was re-arrested during Nero’s persecution and executed around 65–66 AD. Meanwhile, Peter likely reached Rome by the early 60s AD, where he served as the recognized leader (bishop) of the Church of Rome. The two may have collaborated there before both facing martyrdom. Peter crucified upside-down and Paul beheaded as a Roman citizen.

4. Enduring Legacy in Rome and Beyond

Their tombs remain focal points of Christian pilgrimage especially in this Jubilee year. St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City stands over his burial site, while St. Paul Outside the Walls at Via Appia marks where Paul was laid to rest. Intriguingly, the Basilica of St. John Lateran—Rome’s cathedral—features bronze statues of Peter and Paul above its main altar, housing relics said to be fragments of their skulls. This symbolism underscores their inseparable role as twin pillars of the Church of Rome.

Neither man began as a spiritual giant. Peter, impulsive and fearful, denied Christ three times. Paul, once a persecutor of Christians, sought to destroy the Church. Yet through God’s grace, both were transformed—ultimately giving their lives for Christ. Their shared feast not only honors their martyrdoms but also celebrates how God uses flawed people to build His Church.

Rome

Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Guide Questions:

What are our weaknesses as human persons? How does the grace of God empower and transform us? Do we love the Church as St. Peter and St. Paul did? How do we love the Church?

We are Precious

On By bayuopIn Easter, EnglishLeave a comment

7th Sunday of Easter [C]

June 1, 2025

John 17:20-26

Jesus died for us and rose from the dead to save us from sin and death. He did all this because He loves us deeply. As Jesus Himself said, “No one has greater love than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends” (John 15:13). But why does He love us so much? Why does He consider us dear enough to give His life for us?

One of the most profound answers lies in 1 John 4:8, “God is love.” Love is not just something God does; it is who He is. Because His very nature is love, He cannot help but love us. Jesus’ love flows naturally from His identity. At the same time, Scripture reveals that we are made in God’s image (Gen 1:26-27). This means we are fashioned in the likeness of Love itself. Perhaps this is why we only find true fulfilment when we live out our deepest purpose: to love as God loves (John 13:34) and to be loved by Him.

Yet, as I reflect further on Scripture, I find something even more beautiful. In today’s Gospel, Jesus prays to the Father—not only for His disciples but also for those who would come to believe through their message, which includes us. He prays that we may be united with one another and with Him, just as He and the Father are one. Then, He reveals something astonishing: “Father, I desire that those you have given me may be with me where I am” (John 17:24). We are the Father’s gift to Jesus. We are a living expression of the Father’s love for His Son.

This truth is deeply relatable. When we love someone, we often give them a precious gift as a token of our affection, and to the recipient, that gift becomes irreplaceable. A wedding ring, for example, is treasured not merely for its material value but because it symbolizes a spouse’s love. But we are far more than gold or jewels. God marvellously created us to be perfect gifts of love for His Son. Is it any wonder, then, that Jesus cherishes us so dearly? He willingly gave His life for us because every time He sees us He sees the proof of His Father’s love. He just could not bear the thought of losing us or being separated from us.

Today, in some countries like the Philippines and Italy, the Church celebrates Jesus’ Ascension into heaven. The image often shown is of Jesus rising while His disciples remain below. But He is not leaving us behind—He is drawing us closer to the Father. Why? Because we are precious to God. We are, at the very core of our being, the Father’s gift to His beloved Son.

Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Questions for reflection:
Do we realize that we are precious in God’s eyes? Do we live as the precious one of God? How do we live as the Father’s gifts? How do we share the gifts we receive from God?

Two Ways of Preaching the Gospel

On By bayuopIn Easter, EnglishLeave a comment

5th Sunday of Easter [C]

May 18, 2025

Acts 14:21-27

In the first reading, we heard about the missionary journey of St. Paul and his companion St. Barnabas. Their mission shows us how the early Church fulfilled Jesus’ commandment: “Make all nations my disciples.” So what can we discover from their example?

First, let us consider St. Paul’s story in its entirety. After his conversion, Paul remained in Antioch (in present-day Turkey), where he became a respected teacher and prophet. Then the Holy Spirit called Paul and Barnabas to be set apart for God’s work. The Christian community commissioned them to preach in places where the Gospel had not yet been heard. They travelled to various locations including the island of Cyprus and towns in southern Turkey – Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Derbe, and Lystra.

They proclaimed the Good News to both Jews and Gentiles in these places, bringing many souls to believe in Jesus Christ. Yet Paul and Barnabas knew they were not to remain there permanently, but rather to move on to preach in even more places. To care for the newly established Churches, they appointed “elders” (presbyteroi). These elders became the stable leaders of the communities, responsible for leading worship, proclaiming the Gospel, and maintaining spiritual discipline.

What then can we learn from Paul’s missionary journey? We see at least two essential ways of preaching the Gospel. The first way involves going to preach where the Gospel has not been heard and where faith has not yet taken root. Those who follow this path are typically called missionaries. Missionaries tend to be more mobile, moving from place to place as the need for the Gospel message arises. The second way focuses on deepening the understanding of the Gospel for those who already believe, nourishing and protecting their faith. In the Catholic tradition, this second way is carried out by the “elders” – the bishops assisted by priests and deacons, who remain more stable within the communities they serve.

On the other hand, the distinction between missionaries and elders is not rigid. The same person can be both a missionary and an elder. A simple example is Pope Leo XIV. Before becoming Pope, he was a priest of the Order of St. Augustine of the United States who became a missionary in Peru. Later he became the bishop of Chiclayo, Peru. The identity of missionary and elder merged in him.

However, we must remember that the task of preaching the Gospel is not given only to missionaries or elders, but to all of us. We too can and should practice both of these ancient ways of proclaiming the Gospel. In our modern world, the opportunities to share the Gospel are abundant. We can communicate different aspects of our faith, from its truth to its beauty, through various social media platforms. Personal interactions with friends and colleagues also provide opportunities to introduce our faith. Even if we find it difficult to explain our faith in words, we can always invite our relatives and friends to join us at Mass.

Parents particularly embody both of these approaches simultaneously. They are called to introduce the faith to their children through baptism and basic catechism, teaching them how to pray and sharing the fundamental truths of our faith. Like the Church’s elders, they must then continually nurture their children’s faith through virtuous living, prayer, and guidance. We should also support our catechists who work tirelessly both to introduce and deepen faith despite the many challenges they face.

Rome
Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Guide questions:

How do we preach the Gospel in our particular circumstances? Who specifically needs us to introduce them to Jesus? Have we helped those close to us grow nearer to God? Do others recognize us as people who bring Jesus with us?

Hearing the Voice of the Lord

On By bayuopIn Easter, English2 Comments

4th Sunday of Easter [C]

May 11, 2025 

John 10:27-30

Hearing is one of the most fundamental senses that make us human. While it is true that we rely heavily on sight to navigate the world, hearing sets us apart from other animals. How is this possible? 

Certainly, humans do not have the best sense of hearing. Many animals possess far greater hearing abilities. For instance, bats have a sonar-like sense, allowing them to gauge distance through sound. Human ears are far weaker in comparison. Yet, despite our ordinary hearing capacity, we possess something other animals lack: the ability to associate sounds with meaning. In other words, we can create language. More importantly, we can distinguish meaningful words from senseless noise. 

Through hearing, ancient people built their families and communities. They listened to their leaders for guidance on defending themselves against wild animals and surviving harsh environments. By hearing, they learned the wisdom of their elders and the stories passed down through generations. Hearing meaningful words is what truly makes us alive as humans. 

Unfortunately, we now live in a world full of noise—senseless sounds, auditory pollution, and even false words. What we often hear no longer serves our survival or growth but merely what screams the loudest. We no longer listen to reason, the wisdom of the past, or—most importantly—the words of the Lord. If ancient people recognized that hearing their leaders was essential for survival, we too must realize that hearing our Lord, Jesus Christ, is not optional—it is a matter of our soul’s survival. 

So how can we learn to listen attentively to the voice of our true Shepherd? 

First, just as sheep listen to their shepherd’s voice for safety, we must recognize our Shepherd’s voice and follow His instructions—for our eternal salvation depends on it.   Second, to recognize His voice, we must become familiar with it. This comes through continual listening—by regularly reading the Bible, studying His teachings through the Church, and engaging in deep prayer. As we grow accustomed to God’s voice, we also learn to distinguish voices that do not come from Him—those of our own desires, the world, and evil spirits.   Third, listening must lead to action. Hearing without obedience is meaningless—or worse, it means following the enemy’s guidance. 

Rome

Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Guide Questions:

Do we know the voice of our Lord? What kind of voices do we listen to? Are we able to distinguish the different voices in our lives? Do you believe you are following the words of the Lord? 

Cross and the Tree of Life

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Easter Sunday [C]

April 20, 2025

John 20:1-9

Some Church Fathers, like St. Ephrem the Syrian, St. Ambrose, and St. John Chrysostom, saw Jesus’ Cross as the new Tree of Life. The Tree of Life first appears in Genesis 2:9, where God planted it in the center of Eden alongside the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Though Scripture doesn’t elaborate, the Tree of Life’s central placement hints at its profound significance. Just as eating from the forbidden tree brought death, partaking of the Tree of Life would have granted eternal communion with God.

Adam, Eve, and their descendants could have lived forever with God—if only they had chosen the Tree of Life over the Tree of Knowledge. Tragically, they chose disobedience, bringing death upon themselves and all humanity. Banished from Eden, they were cut off from the Tree of Life, guarded by cherubim (Genesis 3:24). Without it, humanity was doomed to perish.

Yet we are not without hope. God so loved the world that He gave His only Son (John 3:16), and Jesus, in turn, loved us “to the end” (John 13:1), laying down His life so we may “have life abundantly” (John 10:10). For Jesus, the Cross was not an inescapable fate but a free choice of love. Though crucifixion was a brutal, shameful death, Christ transformed the Cursed Tree into the Blessed Tree of Life. He teaches us that by embracing our own crosses—and uniting them to His—we find true life and resurrection.

The cross is a reality in our lives that brings us sufferings. The cross manifests in two ways. Type-One Crosses is unavoidable suffering.  These are trials we don’t choose: betrayal, illness, financial struggles, or injustice. In these moments, we ask God for grace to endure, offering our pain in union with Christ’s Cross so it may bear spiritual fruit.

Type-Two Crosses is suffering born of love. These arise from commitment and sacrifice. Good example will a dedicated mother who commits to love her young baby. In the process, she is going to lose her time, energy, and other resources. Raising and protecting little child is both physically and mentally exhausted. She also forfeits her opportunity to live more freely, to earn more money or to enjoy life more. Outwardly, she is carrying her cross, but deep inside, she is fully alive and discovering a deeper meaning in her life, then just the world can offer. Her cross becomes the tree of life for her child. That’s the true resurrection.

Happy Easter!

Rome

Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Guide questions:

What are our Type-One crosses? How do we face them? What are our Type-Two crosses? How do they bring life to others? Do our crosses—borne with love—become a Tree of Life for those around us?

Jesus, Not Our Ordinary King

On By bayuopIn English, Holy Week, LentLeave a comment

Palm Sunday of the Lord’s Passion

April 13, 2025

Luke 19:28-40 and Luke 22:14–23:56

Palm Sunday is one of the most unique liturgical celebrations in the Church because it features two Gospel readings: Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Luke 19:28-40) and the Passion of Christ (Luke 22:14–23:56). These readings are not accidental; the Church intentionally pairs them to reveal their profound connection. But what is this relationship?

The first Gospel presents Jesus entering Jerusalem, the city of King David and his successors. His disciples follow closely while some residents welcome Him, proclaiming Him as king. Yet the Gospel clarifies that Jesus is no ordinary earthly ruler. He isn’t a militarily powerful king riding a stallion, but a humble sovereign on a donkey. He comes in the name of the Lord – not through royal lineage, political systems, or deception. He reigns not over a single nation, but over all creation, as even “the stones will cry out” to declare His kingship.

The second Gospel, the Passion narrative, further reveals Christ’s kingship. He doesn’t rule through violence but embraces it and bring it to an end on the cross. His kingdom operates not through terror but through law of love, sacrificing Himself so His people might be redeemed from sin and then live.

As we enter Holy Week, we’re invited to examine our identity as God’s people. Do we love our King or fear Him? If we truly love Him, we must learn to love as He loved. For two thousand years, countless martyrs have followed Christ’s example to the point of death. Even today in the 21st century, Christians face persecution: Nigerian priests abducted and murdered; Syrian Christian communities attacked and displaced; growing anti-Christian hostility in Israel.

Many of us live where faith can be expressed freely, yet these environments present different dangers – materialism, complacency, or cowardice in witnessing to Christ. We’re tempted to prioritize self over God, to love ourselves rather than Jesus

We consider St. Catherine of Siena’s example. During her time, the pope was residing in Avignon, France rather than Rome since he was afraid of dealing with people who opposed him there. However, rather than becoming a leader in faith and example of moral, the pope involved himself more in politics. She courageously went to Avignon and confronted Gregory XI, urging his return, “If you die in Rome, you die a martyr – but if you stay here, you die a coward.” Her actions flowed from radical love for Christ the King.

If Jesus is our King, how then shall we follow Him?

Guide Questions:

Do we truly love Jesus as our King? How does our love for Christ manifest practically? Are we prepared to profess our faith in challenging environments? Would we sacrifice for others out of love for Jesus? Are we ready to endure hardship as Christians?

Love and Betrayal

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5th Sunday of Lent [C]

April 6, 2025

John 8:1-11

The story of the woman caught in adultery is one that frequently appears during Lent, especially in Year C. What lessons can we draw from this story?

At first glance, the narrative seems straightforward, yet it carries profound lessons worth unpacking. While we often associate it with God’s mercy and forgiveness—which is certainly true— there is more to it than what meets the eyes. In Scripture, adultery is not merely a grave sin; it also serves as a metaphor for idolatry, the gravest of spiritual betrayals. The prophet Hosea, for instance, was called to marry an unfaithful woman to symbolize God’s covenant with wayward Israel (Hosea 1–3). Ezekiel condemns Jerusalem and Samaria as “adulterous sisters” who chased after foreign gods (Ezekiel 23:30). Similarly, in the New Testament, James rebukes those who prioritize worldly “friendship” over God, calling them “adulterers.” (James 4:4).

This connection between adultery and idolatry reveals a deeper truth about our relationship with God. He did not create us as slaves driven by fear or as mindless robots bound by programming. Instead, He made us free and capable of love, desiring a relationship with us; one built on devotion rather than obligation. In mystical terms, God invites us to become His spiritual lovers, meaning we must love Him above all else and serve Him not out of fear, but out of deep, sincere love.

One of the earliest saints to speak of this “spiritual marriage” was St. Catherine of Siena. As young as six years old, she declared herself the bride of Christ, refusing earthly marriage to devote herself entirely to Jesus. At the age of 20, she experienced the spiritual marriage with Christ. And her profound love united her deeply to Christ to the point of sharing His wounds. She received stigmata around five years before she passed away.

The Church constantly teaches that we, collectively, are the Bride of Christ. Just as Eve was formed from Adam’s side while he slept, the Church was born from the pierced side of Jesus on the cross. Through baptism, we are reborn as members of His Church—His beloved. Through the Eucharist, we are nourished and sustained by His Body and Blood. Thus, our love for God must surpass all others, and even our love for family and friends should flow from our love for Christ.

This is why preferring anything above God constitutes spiritual adultery. The story of Jesus forgiving the adulterous woman illustrates both God’s unwavering love and mercy and our own unfaithfulness. Lent calls us back to our first and truest love—the only love that brings lasting happiness.

Rome

Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Reflection Questions:

How do we relate to God—as a servant obeying a master, or as a lover responding to Love Himself? Do we love God above all else? Do we love others for the sake of God? What unhealthy attachments to the world do we need to examine? How can we return to my true love—God alone?

The Prodigal Father

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4th Sunday of Lent [C]

March 30, 2025

Luke 15:1-3, 11-32

The story of the Prodigal Son is one of the most beautiful parables in the Gospel. Not only is it masterfully told, but it also teaches profound lessons—especially about parenthood.

Raising children is no easy task. Each child has a unique personality, and each can bring both joy and heartache. Many of us struggle to know how to be good parents. Some rely on the wisdom passed down from their own parents and elders, drawing from memories of how they were raised. Others turn to social media or self-proclaimed parenting “experts” for guidance. A few make the effort to consult real specialists—paediatricians, child psychologists, and educators. Yet, in the end, our children are not carbon copies of us. There will always be surprises beyond our control. All we can do is pray and hope they that will grow into their best selves.

The father in the parable offers us a powerful example. Despite doing his best to raise his two sons, he faced painful relationships with both. The younger son demanded his inheritance, severed ties, and left to live a sinful life. Imagine the father’s heartbreak—his son treated him as disposable, not as a parent. The elder son was no better. When his brother returned, he refused to enter the house and join the celebration. He never called his father “Father,” referring to his brother as “your son” instead of “my brother.” He saw himself not as a son but as a servant, even saying, “Look! All these years I’ve worked for you like a slave!” Again, the father’s heart must have ached—he had raised a son, not a slave.

Yet, despite these struggles, the father never gave up. He never stopped hoping for his younger son’s return. When the prodigal son came home, humbled and expecting to be a servant, the father is the first one who saw his son, ran after him, and embraced him. He called him “my son” and not servant. When the first son refused to go home, the father sought him and pleaded with him, calling him “my son” and not servant, explaining that everything he has, belongs also to his son.

Many of us are blessed with children but endure strained relationships. Despite our best efforts, our children may not turn out as we hoped. Some, like the younger son, reject our love or wish us gone. Others, like the elder son, see us as taskmasters, not parents. Yet the parable calls us to love perseveringly, and till the end, because that is true parenthood. That is holiness.

Rome

Valentinus Bayuhadi Ruseno, OP

Reflection Questions:

How do we raise our children well? What is the state of our relationship with them? Do we face difficulties in relating to our children? How do we respond to these challenges? Do we rely on God’s grace to guide us?